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Lots of other Scientologist-run organizations and companies belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which certifies the use of Hubbard's management teachings, and flows directory sites of WISE-affiliated organizations. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can help by adding to it. In order to facilitate the ongoing growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or reputable individuals. Scientology Perth. Though it has actually attained some reliability as a religion in numerous nations, Scientology has likewise been referred to as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has actually been kept in mind to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Video game individuals it views as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were founded guilty for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government documents in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to developed social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the Resources advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 countries by the time the 80s came in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually at first demandedand the Internal Revenue Service recognized the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.
Scientology mentions its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was ranked as number 9 in items for the inbound Barack Obama administration to investigate, as determined in an internet poll run by the presidential shift group obtaining public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard appointed Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific elements of legal security for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Perth Scientology. Under The Guardian's Office (later renamed additional resources the Workplace of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted personnel from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by an organization not associated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense devoted by these offenders is of a breadth and scope previously unusual. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and prying. No person or organization was free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past made use of aggressive tactics in resolving those it views as trying to reduce them, referred to as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) first described by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable game. Scientology. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper known to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb dangers in her name. When fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent Cooper to prison for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.